预售【外图台版】规划理论 下载 网盘 kindle mobi 115盘 pdf pdb rtf

暂无相关简介，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关目录，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关内容，正在全力查找中

暂无出版社相关信息，正在全力查找中！

暂无相关书籍摘录，正在全力查找中！

在线阅读地址：预售【外图台版】规划理论在线阅读

在线听书地址：预售【外图台版】规划理论在线收听

在线购买地址：预售【外图台版】规划理论在线购买

theory could be seen as having a number of elements; it abstracts a set of general or specific principles to be used as a basis for explaining and acting, with the theory being tested and refined if necessary.

Normative: Concerns how the world ought to be

Prescriptive: Concerned with best means of achieving a desired condition

Empirical: Concerned with explaining reality

Models: Representations or stylized and simplified pictures of reality

Conceptual frameworks or perspectives: Ways of looking at or conceiving an object of study

Theorizing: Thinking about some aspect of a phenomenon

1.Direct effects upon structural contexts within which it takes place and within which future action occurs - producing a partial transformation of the structural context (though not necessarily as anticipated).

2.Strategic learning on the part of actors involved, enhancing awareness of structures and the constraints/opportunities they impose, providing the basis from which subsequent strategy might be formulated and perhaps prove more successful.

theories of democracy, cognitive psychology, regime and regulation theory, implementation theory, central-local relations, nationalism and a host of other mess-level theoretical constructs.

seeks to overcome the duality of structural and intentional approaches.

rational planning makes the crucial distinction between formal (means) and substantive(ends) rationality that systems planning fails to do.

暂无其它内容！