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Conceived originally as a serious presentation ofthe development of philosophy for Catholicseminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy hasjourneyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author touniversal acclaim as the best history ofphilosophy in English.

Copleston, an Oxford Jesuitof immense erudition who once tangled with A. J.Ayer in a fabled debate about the existence of Godand the possibility of metaphysics, knew thatseminary students were fed a woefully inadequate dietof theses and proofs, and that their familiaritywith most of history's great thinkers was reducedto simplistic caricatures. Copleston set out toredress the wrong by writing a complete history ofWestern philosophy, one crackling with incident andintellectual excitement -- and one that gives fullplace to each thinker, presenting his thought in abeautifully rounded manner and showing his linksto those who went before and to those who cameafter him.

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赫拉克利特把“一”说成神，说成智慧：“智慧只是‘一’，无论它是否愿意，都会被称为宙斯。”神是普遍理性（逻各斯），是万物中内在的普遍法则，它将万物结合为一，并根据普遍法则安排宇宙的恒常变化。人的理性包含在普遍理性之中，或者说是其收缩或通道，因此人应该努力获得理性，并按照理性生活，体会万物的同一以及不变法则的统治，满足宇宙的必然性统治而不试图反抗。因为这正是整全的、主宰的逻各斯或法则的展现。

阿那克萨戈拉认为：“努斯的力量，在一切有生命之物中存在，不论其大小。努斯，掌控着旋转的进程，在起初开始旋转…努斯，将秩序赋予一切存在者，不论是过去之物，还是现在、未来之物。在旋转中，它使得日月星辰、空气和以太互相分离。在旋转中，厚与薄，热与冷，光与暗，干与湿亦分离。其他事物都分有每一事物的一部分，只有努斯完全和任何事物相分离。不论大小，所有努斯都同样如此。但是，每件事物，总是明显地由许多部分构成。”

学识固然重要，但远远不够。

泰勒斯学说中唯一确定也是唯一真正重要的部分在于他将万物都理解为某种基本的、终极的元素的不同形式。他认为水就是这个元素，这明显是由于他所处的地理环境，但是他仍然获得了“第一位希腊哲学家”的地位，这是因为他首次设想了“异中之同”这个概念，哪怕他还没有在逻辑层面独立提出这个概念，哪怕他刚刚掌握“统一”这个概念，就立刻尝试解释“差异”这个事实。哲学天然地尝试理解我们所经验的杂多存在和性质，以及它们之间的联系，并且对于哲学家而言，要发现它们背后的统一或者第一原则。

这首要的元素被阿那克西曼德称作质料因（赛奥弗拉斯特说他是第一个使用这个名称的人），“既不是水，也不是别的什么所谓元素的东西，而是某种与它们不同，无限的东西，从它产生了天上地下的万物”。这就是“无定”，它是没有限制的实体，“永存而不朽的”，“包围整个世界”。

气处在冷热循环、湿气凝聚的中间状态，于是阿那克西美尼就将其作为中点。然而他学说中最重要的因素，也许在于他尝试用“量”来解释“质”，这就是用现代术语解释他的凝结和稀释概念。

书籍介绍

Conceived originally as a serious presentation ofthe development of philosophy for Catholicseminary students, Frederick Copleston's nine-volume A History Of Philosophy hasjourneyed far beyond the modest purpose of its author touniversal acclaim as the best history ofphilosophy in English.

Copleston, an Oxford Jesuitof immense erudition who once tangled with A. J.Ayer in a fabled debate about the existence of Godand the possibility of metaphysics, knew thatseminary students were fed a woefully inadequate dietof theses and proofs, and that their familiaritywith most of history's great thinkers was reducedto simplistic caricatures. Copleston set out toredress the wrong by writing a complete history ofWestern philosophy, one crackling with incident andintellectual excitement -- and one that gives fullplace to each thinker, presenting his thought in abeautifully rounded manner and showing his linksto those who went before and to those who cameafter him.