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The conservative Slavophiles argued that Russia had to fi nd solutions based on its indigenous traditions. Following the logic of German idealism, they argued that each nationality was unique. Russia’s uniqueness, and its strength, came from three institutions: the czarist autocracy, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the so-called peasant commune, an institution under which peasants controlled their farmland as a community rather than individually. Russia’s troubles began when it abandoned its spiritual and cooperative traditions and started to copy the sterile rationalism of the West. The Slavophiles opposed serfdom but not the institution of the czar. The great ogre in their version of Russian history was Peter the Great, who allegedly had changed czardom from a benevolent institution into...

Herzen’s response was an intellectual leap across the WesternizerSlavophile chasm. He revived a key element of the Slavophile analysis that he and his colleagues had once scorned—the peasant commune. The commune would be his magic carpet for transporting Russia over the wasteland of capitalism directly to the promised land of socialism. Russia’s economic backwardness, long considered a curse by patriots concerned for their country’s great power status, was a blessing in disguise because it had permitted the survival of the mir (the Russian word for both “peace” and “world”), as the commune was often called. The mir, in which Russia’s peasants protected their economic equality, was proof of their instinctive socialist nature. Russia therefore could build a socialist society on the basis of ...

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