现货 科学革命的结构 50周年纪念版 第四版 英文原版 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions: 50th Anniversary Edition 下载 网盘 kindle mobi 115盘 pdf pdb rtf

A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were—and still are. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. Fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach.

With The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don’t arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation but that the revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of “normal science,” as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age.

This new edition of Kuhn’s essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introduction by Ian Hacking, which clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn’s ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking’s introduction provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.

Introductory Essay by Ian Hacking

Preface

I. Introduction: A Role for History

II. The Route to Normal Science

III. The Nature of Normal Science

IV. Normal Science as Puzzle-solving

V. The Priority of Paradigms

VI. Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Revolutions

VII. Crisis and the Emergence of Scientific Theories

VIII. The Response to Crisis

IX. The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions

X. Revolutions as Changes of World View

XI. The Invisibility of Revolutions

XII. The Resolution of Revolutions

XIII. Progress through Revolutions

Postscript-1969

Index

American historian and philosopher of science, a leading contributor to the change of focus in the philosophy and sociology of science in the 1960s. Thomas Samuel Kuhn was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He received a doctorate in theoretical physics from Harvard University in 1949. But he later shifted his interest to the history and philosophy of science, which he taught at Harvard, the University of California at Berkeley, Princeton University, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).

In 1962, Kuhn published The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which depicted the development of the basic natural sciences in an innovative way. According to Kuhn, the sciences do not uniformly progress strictly by scientific method. Rather, there are two fundamentally different phases of scientific development in the sciences. In the first phase, scientists work within a paradigm (set of accepted beliefs). When the foundation of the paradigm weakens and new theories and scientific methods begin to replace it, the next phase of scientific discovery takes place. Kuhn believes that scientific progress—that is, progress from one paradigm to another—has no logical reasoning. Kuhn's theory has triggered widespread, controversial discussion across many scientific disciplines.

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对某一时期某一专业做仔细的历史研究，就能发现一组反复出现而类标准似的实例，体现各种理论在其概念的、观察的和仪器的应用中。这些实例就是共同体的范式，它们存在于教科书、课堂讲演和实验室的实验中。

当历史学家采取这一步时，必须将共同体的范式相互比较，并且与共同体中流行的研究报告进行比较。在这样做时，其目的是发现明显的或暗含的可分离的因素，这些因素是这个共同体的成员从他们更具全局性的诸范式中抽象出来的，并展开成为他们研究的规则。

在牛顿力学的过渡期间曾激起过关于物理学的本质和标准的许多争论，有些争论至今仍在继续着。有些今日健在的人还能记得麦克斯韦电磁理论和统计力学所引发的类似争论。更早一些时期，伽利略力学与牛顿力学的同化引发了与亚里士多德学派、笛卡尔学派和莱布尼茨学派关于科学的合理标准的一系列特别著名的争论。

这种困难非常接近于一个哲学家想要说出所有游戏共同具有哪些特点时所遇到的困难。

在不同专业的专门化道路上，只有少数物理学家接触到量子力学基本原理。其他人则详细研究把这些原理应用于化学，另有一些人把这些原理应用于固体物理学，如此等等。对他们中的每一个人来说，量子力学究竟意味着什么，这要取决于他们所选修的课程，他们所读的教材，以及他们所研读过的杂志而定。

一位研究者，他想知道科学家是怎样看待原子理论的，就去问一位著名的物理学家和一位杰出的化学家，单个氦原子究竟是不是分子。两位科学家都毫不犹豫地作答了，但答案却是不同的。化学家说，氦原子是分析，因为从气体运动论来看，它的行为像分子。另一方面，物理学家则说，氦原子不是分子，因为它没有显示出分子光谱。这两个人大体上说的是同一个粒子，但他们是从各自的训练和研究实践来看待它们的。

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A good book may have the power to change the way we see the world, but a great book actually becomes part of our daily consciousness, pervading our thinking to the point that we take it for granted, and we forget how provocative and challenging its ideas once were—and still are. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions is that kind of book. When it was first published in 1962, it was a landmark event in the history and philosophy of science. Fifty years later, it still has many lessons to teach.

With The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Kuhn challenged long-standing linear notions of scientific progress, arguing that transformative ideas don’t arise from the day-to-day, gradual process of experimentation and data accumulation but that the revolutions in science, those breakthrough moments that disrupt accepted thinking and offer unanticipated ideas, occur outside of “normal science,” as he called it. Though Kuhn was writing when physics ruled the sciences, his ideas on how scientific revolutions bring order to the anomalies that amass over time in research experiments are still instructive in our biotech age.

This new edition of Kuhn’s essential work in the history of science includes an insightful introduction by Ian Hacking, which clarifies terms popularized by Kuhn, including paradigm and incommensurability, and applies Kuhn’s ideas to the science of today. Usefully keyed to the separate sections of the book, Hacking’s introduction provides important background information as well as a contemporary context. Newly designed, with an expanded index, this edition will be eagerly welcomed by the next generation of readers seeking to understand the history of our perspectives on science.