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　　Upon its original publication, Plagues and Peoples was

an immediate critical and popular success, offering a radically new

interpretation of world history as seen through the extraordinary

impact--political, demographic, ecological, and psychological--of

disease on cultures. From the conquest of Mexico by smallpox as

much as by the Spanish, to the bubonic plague in China, to the

typhoid epidemic in Europe, the history of disease is the history

of humankind. With the identification of AIDS in the early 1980s,

another chapter has been added to this chronicle of events, which

William McNeill explores in his new introduction to this updated

editon.

Thought-provoking, well-researched, and compulsively readable,

Plagues and Peoples is that rare book that is as fascinating

as it is scholarly, as intriguing as it is enlightening. "A

brilliantly conceptualized and challenging achievement" (Kirkus

Reviews), it is essential reading, offering a new perspective on

human history.

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儒教通过完善限制上层阶级滥用权力的礼仪，试图控制和规范他们的寄生行为；印度的士人却远离政治和社会，甚至在某种意乂义上还鄙视他们，劝诚他们的追随者去过一种简朴的社会生活为了更有效地催生超升的神秘幻象，把他们对外在的需求降到最低点。那些系统地追求对生理和心理欲望的压抑以达到超越的极乐境界的绝食的圣人，在文化上构成精英阶层，他们的精神旨趣与下层农民在供养寄生阶层上的极其艰难的状况相适应。

在继续探讨疾病史之前，我想还是有必要先来看看采用传染病方式的微寄生和采用军事行动的巨寄生之间的相似性。只有当文明社会的财富和技能积累到一定水平，战争和掠夺才能成为经济上可行的事业。如果武力掠夺收成导致农业劳动力很快被饿死，这还不是稳定的巨寄生模式。但这种情形经常发生，甚至可以跟1891年的非洲牛瘟感染相比，后者也是大量杀死宿主，以致未能建立起稳定持续的传染方式。

早在穆罕默德时代，疫病已为阿拉伯半岛所熟悉，在被伊斯兰博学之士视为生活指南的传统中，先知关于如何应对瘟疫的亲口训诫备受重视。关键句子可以翻译如下： “当你知道某地有疫病，就不要去那；但如果它就发生于你所在的地区，也不要离开。”

由血吸虫病和类似感染所造成的惓怠和慢性不适，会有助于为人类所惧怕的唯一大型天敌的成功进犯，他们就是自己的同类，为了战争和征服而武装和组织起来的掠食者。尽管历史学家不习惯于从这样的角度来思考国家、征税和掠夺的问题，但微寄生和巨寄生之间的相互支持，肯定是正常的生态现象。

相较于拥有寒冬以遏止传染病肆虐的地区，在一个微寄生远为猖獗的社会，较少的物质剩余、脆弱的国家结构和来世主义的禁欲理念是必然的伴生现象。

顺便说一下，把人类在与其他生命关系中的生态角色视为某种疾病，这并不荒谬。自从语言的发展使人类的文化进化冲击由来已久的生物进化以来，人类已经能够颠覆此前的自然平衡，一如疾病颠覆宿主体内的自然平衡。当人类一次又一次蹂躏别的生命形态到达自然极限时，往往就会出现一种暂时稳定的新关系。然而，或早或晚——而且以生物进化的尺度衡量还总是在极短的时间以后——人类又掌握了新的手段，把此前无法利用的资源纳入可利用的范畴，从而进一步强化了对其他生命形态的摧残。所以从别的生物体的角度看来，人类颇像一种急性传染病，即使偶尔表现出较少具有“毒性”的行为方式，也不足以建立真正稳定的慢性病关系。

编辑推荐

　　No small themes for historian William McNeill: he is a writer

of big, sweeping books, from The Rise of the West to The

History of the World. Plagues and Peoples considers the

influence of infectious diseases on the course of history, and

McNeill pays special attention to the Black Death of the 13th and

14th centuries, which killed millions across Europe and Asia. (At

one point, writes McNeill, 10,000 people in Constantinople alone

were dying each day from the plague.) With the new crop of plagues

and epidemics in our own time, McNeill's quiet assertion that "in

any effort to understand what lies ahead the role of infectious

disease cannot properly be left out of consideration" takes on new

significance.

书籍介绍

Upon its original publication, Plagues and Peoples was an immediate critical and popular success, offering a radically new interpretation of world history as seen through the extraordinary impact--political, demographic, ecological, and psychological--of disease on cultures. From the conquest of Mexico by smallpox as much as by the Spanish, to the bubonic plague in China, to the typhoid epidemic in Europe, the history of disease is the history of humankind. With the identification of AIDS in the early 1980s, another chapter has been added to this chronicle of events, which William McNeill explores in his new introduction to this updated editon.

Thought-provoking, well-researched, and compulsively readable, Plagues and Peoples is that rare book that is as fascinating as it is scholarly, as intriguing as it is enlightening. "A brilliantly conceptualized and challenging achievement" (Kirkus Reviews), it is essential reading, offering a new perspective on human history.