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In the eighteenth century, medicine underwent a mutation. For the first time, medical knowledge took on a precision that had formerly belonged only to mathematics. The body became something that could be mapped. Disease became subject to new rules of classification. And doctors begin to describe phenomena that for centuries had remained below the threshold of the visible and expressible.

In The Birth of the Clinic the philosopher and intellectual historian who may be the true heir to Nietzsche charts this dramatic transformation of medical knowledge. As in his classic Madness and Civilization, Michel Foucault shows how much what we think of as pure science owes to social and cultural attitudes -- in this case, to the climate of the French Revolution. Brilliant, provocative, and omnivorously learned, his book sheds new light on the origins of our current notions of health and sickness, life and death.

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Michel Foucault, one of the leading philosophical thinkers of the 20th century, was born in Poitiers, France, in 1926. He lectured in universities throughout the world; served as director at the Institut Français in Hamburg, Germany and at the Institut de Philosophie at the Faculté des Lettres in the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France; and wrote frequently for French newspapers and reviews. His influence on generations of thinkers in the areas of sociology, queer theory, cultural studies, and critical thinking are not to be underestimated. Among his many books were the Foucault Reader, Society Must Be Defended, and Great Ideas.

At the time of his death in June 1984, he held a chair at France’s most prestigious institutions, the Collège de France. Foucault was the first public figure in France to die from HIV/AIDS.

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在每一个儿童那里，事物都在不知疲倦地重现着它们的青春期，世界不断地与其原初状态重新发生联系：首先观看世界的人绝不是成年人。当他挣脱了先辈的束缚后，就能睁开眼睛直面事物及其阶段；此外，在各种感觉和全部知识来源中，眼睛最能做到大智若愚，能够灵活地回复到其久远的无知状态。……眼睛与光有天然联系，因此只承受现在。真正使人能够恢复与童年的联系、重新接触到真理生生不息状态的，则是这种明澈、疏远、开放的纯朴目光。由此产生了两大神话经验——十八世纪的哲学最希望能够以这两种经验作为自己的起点：身处未知国度的异邦观察者和得见光明的天生盲人。

但是，对于言说（parole=speech），难道我们注定不知道它除了评论以外还有别的什么功能？评论对话语的质疑是，它究竟在说什么和想说什么；它试图揭示言说的深层意义，因为这种意义才使言说能达到与自身的同一，即所谓接近其本质真理；换言之，在陈述已经被说出的东西时，人们不得不重述从来没有说过的东西。这种所谓评论额活动试图把一种古老、顽固、表面上讳莫如深的话语转变为另外一种更饶舌的既古老又现代的话语——在这种活动中隐藏着一种对待语言的古怪态度：就其定义而言，评论就是承认所指大于能指；一部分必要而又未被明确表达出来的思想残余被语言遗留在阴影中）——这部分残余正是思想的本质，却被排除在其秘密之外——但是，评论又预先设定，这种未说出的因素蛰伏在言说中，而且设定，人们能够借助能指特有的那种丰溢性，在探询时可能使那没有被明确指涉的内容发出声音。通过开辟出评论的可能性，这种双重的过剩就使我们注定陷入一种无法限定的无穷无尽的任务：总是会有一些所指被遗留下来而有待说话，而提供给我们的能指又总是那么丰富，使我们不由自主地疑惑它到底“意味着”（想说）什么。能指和所指因此就具有了一种实质性的自主性，分别获得了一种具有潜在意义的宝藏；二者甚至都可以在没有对方的情况下存在，并开始自说自话：评论就安居在这种假设的空间里。但是，它同时又创造了它们之间的复杂联系，围绕着表达的诗意价值而形成一个交错缠绕的网络：能指在“翻译”（传达）某种东西时不可能是毫无隐匿的，不可能不给所指留下一块蕴义无穷的余地；而只有当能指背负着自身无力控制的意义时，在能指的可见而沉重的世界里，所指才能被揭示出来。评论立足于这样一个假设：言说是一种“翻译”（传达）行为；它具有与影像一样的危险特权，在显示的同时也在隐匿；它可以在开放的话语重复过程中无暇地自我替代；简言之，它立足于一种带有历史起源烙印的对语言的心理学解释。这是一种阐释（Exég...

因此，死亡是复合式的，在时间上是分散的：它不是时间停顿并后退的一个绝对而特殊指点；与疾病本身一样，它有一种丰富的存在，可以用分析对之进行时间和空间的分割；在不同的地方，不时地有一个个的结在破裂，直到整个机体的生命、至少是其主要形态都停顿下来，在个体生命死亡之后，许多细小和局部的死亡继续在瓦解着依然残存的生命群岛。

在这个领域中，远近的视野变成平面，高低的差距被削平对齐。于是，结果与其原因具有同样的地位，前项与后项互相重叠。在这种同质的空间里，系列被打破，时间被废除：一个局部的炎症仅仅是其‘历史’的因素（红、肿、热、痛）在理念上的并置，毫不涉及它们的互相决定网络或它们的互相交错。

在突然暂时丧失运动能力的中风与逐渐侵袭整个运动系统的慢性发展病症之间，没有根本的差异：都是处于那个同时性空间，由时间所分配的病症都汇集到一起，而且互相重叠，于是亲缘关系倒退为同一关系。在一个平面的、同质的、不可度量的世界里，只要有足够多的相似之处，就有一种特发性疾病。

在突然暂时丧失运动能力的中风与逐渐侵袭整个运动系统的慢性发展病症之间，没有根本的差异：都是处于那个同时性空间，由时间所分配的病症都汇集到一起，而且互相重叠，于是亲缘关系倒退为同一关系。在一个平面的、同质的、不可度量的世界里，只要有足够多的相似之处，就有一种特发性疾病。

书籍介绍

In the eighteenth century, medicine underwent a mutation. For the first time, medical knowledge took on a precision that had formerly belonged only to mathematics. The body became something that could be mapped. Disease became subject to new rules of classification. And doctors begin to describe phenomena that for centuries had remained below the threshold of the visible and expressible.

In The Birth of the Clinic the philosopher and intellectual historian who may be the true heir to Nietzsche charts this dramatic transformation of medical knowledge. As in his classic Madness and Civilization, Michel Foucault shows how much what we think of as pure science owes to social and cultural attitudes -- in this case, to the climate of the French Revolution. Brilliant, provocative, and omnivorously learned, his book sheds new light on the origins of our current notions of health and sickness, life and death.