The World in Six Songs：How the Musical Brain Created Human Nature 六首歌一个世界 9780452295483 下载 网盘 kindle mobi 115盘 pdf pdb rtf

The author of the New York Times bestseller This Is Your Brain on Music reveals music's role in the evolution of human culture-and "will leave you awestruck" (The New York Times)

Daniel J. Levitin's astounding debut bestseller, This Is Your Brain on Music, enthralled and delighted readers as it transformed our understanding of how music gets in our heads and stays there. Now in his second New York Times bestseller, his genius for combining science and art reveals how music shaped humanity across cultures and throughout history.

Dr. Levitin identifies six fundamental song functions or types-friendship, joy, comfort, religion, knowledge, and love-then shows how each in its own way has enabled the social bonding necessary for human culture and society to evolve. He shows, in effect, how these "six songs" work in our brains to preserve the emotional history of our lives and species.

Dr. Levitin combines cutting-edge scientific research from his music cognition lab at McGill University and work in an array of related fields; his own sometimes hilarious experiences in the music business; and illuminating interviews with musicians such as Sting and David Byrne, as well as conductors, anthropologists, and evolutionary biologists. The World in Six Songs is, ultimately, a revolution in our understanding of how human nature evolved-right up to the iPod.

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Daniel J. Levitin, the author of the New York Times bestseller and Los Angeles Times Book Award finalist This Is Your Brain on Music, is the James McGill Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience and runs the Laboratory for Musical Perception, Cognition, a

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乍一看，快乐的音乐才应当振奋人心，但研究结果却表明事实并非如此。我们在伤心难过的时候会分泌催乳素，这是一种具有镇静效果的激素。......赫龙认为，悲伤的音乐可以“骗过”我们的脑袋，让它分泌催乳素来响应我们通过音乐想象出来的无害的创伤，从而调节我们的情绪。

所有的艺术都是为了再现人类经验的某些部分，它们去芜存菁。如果一件艺术品与它想再现的事物一模一样，那它只不过是一件复制品。艺术以牺牲某些元素为代价，强调了另一些元素——通过让我们专注于该事物在视觉或听觉上的表现形式，或者通过让我们把注意力放在对它的感受上。我们进行艺术创作，可能只是为了记录自己经历某些事情时的感受，也可能是为了与其他人分享我们的经历。音乐结合了电影和舞蹈的时间感、绘画和雕塑的空间感，用音高空间（或者说频率空间）取代了视觉艺术中的三维立体空间。脑部的听觉皮层甚至演化出了频谱，和视觉皮质层具有的空间测绘的能力类似。

所谓情感，不过是脑部用于激发行为的一系列错综复杂的神经化学物质状态。由此可见，情感与动机中枢天生就彼此相连，二者也与运动中枢相关。这套系统能方向运作，因为大部分神经传导都是双向的——情感能够刺激行为的产生，而行为也能反过来影响情感。在旁观者严重，舞蹈之所以能够同步，是因为参与者之间的关系亲密；而对参与者而言，即使开始共舞之前彼此之间的关系未必特别亲密，但在一曲终了之时，他们往往会产生强烈的共鸣、关怀与好感。

我们之所以无法控制自己不去进行艺术创作，是因为人脑生来如此。演化与自然选择偏爱有创作冲动的头脑——这种冲动可以在找不到食物或住所时派上用场，也可以在交配竞争中吸引异性。有创意的头脑意味着一个人具备认知与情感的灵活性，这在狩猎或部族之间发生冲突时都能派上用场。

心理学家与生物学家已经指出，人之所以为人，之所以与这颗星球上的其他所有生物都有所区别，是出于某个重要的原因。这一原因不是我们能用语言沟通（鸟类、鲸鱼、海豚，甚至蜜蜂都有复杂的交流系统）；也不是我们能使用工具（黑猩猩也可以），有社会体系（蚂蚁也有），或是学会了糊弄人（乌鸦和猴子也会）；更不是我们能够直立行走，有与其他四指相对的拇指（灵长类都有），对伴侣忠贞不渝（长臂猿、草原田鼠、神仙鱼、沙丘鹤、白蚁都是如此）。令人类与众不同的，是一件其他所有动物都做不到的事情：艺术。不只是艺术本身，还包括艺术在人类历史中扮演的重要角色。人类在创作各式各样的艺术品时（包括写实的与抽象的，静态的与动态的，利用空间、时间、视觉、听觉与动作创作的），都展现出强大的驱动力。

人类对艺术创作的渴望，不仅体现在洞穴壁画中（某些最古老的洞穴壁画描绘的就是跳舞的人类），还体现在生活用品（比如某个3万年前的水罐）上的装饰里。1911年版的《大英百科全书》中有这样一句话：“诗歌对人类命运的影响…几乎和火的发现一样重要。”

书籍介绍

The author of the New York Times bestseller This Is Your Brain on Music reveals music's role in the evolution of human culture-and "will leave you awestruck" ( The New York Times )

Daniel J. Levitin's astounding debut bestseller, This Is Your Brain on Music , enthralled and delighted readers as it transformed our understanding of how music gets in our heads and stays there. Now in his second New York Times bestseller, his genius for combining science and art reveals how music shaped humanity across cultures and throughout history.

Dr. Levitin identifies six fundamental song functions or types-friendship, joy, comfort, religion, knowledge, and love-then shows how each in its own way has enabled the social bonding necessary for human culture and society to evolve. He shows, in effect, how these "six songs" work in our brains to preserve the emotional history of our lives and species.

Dr. Levitin combines cutting-edge scientific research from his music cognition lab at McGill University and work in an array of related fields; his own sometimes hilarious experiences in the music business; and illuminating interviews with musicians such as Sting and David Byrne, as well as conductors, anthropologists, and evolutionary biologists. The World in Six Songs is, ultimately, a revolution in our understanding of how human nature evolved-right up to the iPod.