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theory could be seen as having a number of elements; it abstracts a set of general or specific principles to be used as a basis for explaining and acting, with the theory being tested and refined if necessary.

Normative: Concerns how the world ought to be

Prescriptive: Concerned with best means of achieving a desired condition

Empirical: Concerned with explaining reality

Models: Representations or stylized and simplified pictures of reality

Conceptual frameworks or perspectives: Ways of looking at or conceiving an object of study

Theorizing: Thinking about some aspect of a phenomenon

1.Direct effects upon structural contexts within which it takes place and within which future action occurs - producing a partial transformation of the structural context (though not necessarily as anticipated).

2.Strategic learning on the part of actors involved, enhancing awareness of structures and the constraints/opportunities they impose, providing the basis from which subsequent strategy might be formulated and perhaps prove more successful.

theories of democracy, cognitive psychology, regime and regulation theory, implementation theory, central-local relations, nationalism and a host of other mess-level theoretical constructs.

seeks to overcome the duality of structural and intentional approaches.

rational planning makes the crucial distinction between formal (means) and substantive(ends) rationality that systems planning fails to do.

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